Imagine a special place that would help lower your risk of heart attack by 50%. Imagine if this place also helped lower your risk of diabetes. Would you visit? Would you take your family with you?
What if that special place also helped reduce the risk of mental health challenges and
When children visit this place, they have better test scores, reduced obesity, increased self-worth, and for children with ADHD, reduced symptoms.
As an added bonus, this place also cleans the water you drink and the air you breathe. It provides homes for wildlife.
Are you interested?
These health benefits are real, but they don’t just happen in one special place. These are some of the very real and well-studied benefits that all nature can provide.
There is a rapidly growing body of scientific and health literature that shows spending time in nature has measurable positive benefits on your health.
Coming from this scientific evidence is a global movement called Healthy Parks Healthy People. At Ontario Parks, we are proud to be part of this movement. It’s our goal to improve the health and wellness of Ontarians by connecting them to nature. But we can’t do it alone. It will take partners in the health and environment sectors, as well as regular Ontarians to fully realize the vision of Healthy Parks Healthy People (HPHP).
Here’s why we think Healthy Parks Healthy People matters and why Ontario Parks is leading the way.
WE ARE LIVING IN AN INCREASINGLY URBAN ENVIRONMENT WHERE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN HUMANS AND NATURE IS BECOMING MORE DISTANT.
In 1920, only five in ten Canadians lived in cities. But today eight in ten Canadians are city dwellers. In 1976, 38% of Ontarians lived in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) alone. This is expected to jump to over 50% by 2040. The drive to urbanization has two consequences—natural areas are reduced to make room for development and Ontarians are exposed less often to natural areas because they need to travel further to reach them. This raises the alarm when we realize how crucial the nature connection is to our health and well-being. Author Richard Louv coined the term “nature deficit disorder” to describe the human costs of alienation from the natural world.
CANADIANS SPEND MORE TIME INDOORS NOW THAN ANY OTHER POINT IN HISTORY— 90% OF EACH DAY. WE SPEND 69% OF OUR WAKING TIME SITTING. THIS INSIDE, SEDENTARY LIFE, DISCONNECTED FROM NATURE IS COSTING US DEARLY.
The loss of our connection to nature not only hurts our health and well-being, it also hurts our bank account. In Canada the total spending on health has grown from 7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1975 to 11% in 2016. This amounts to a staggering $226 billion or over $6,000 per person. This is due in part to an aging population but the increase in chronic disease plays a major role.
Canadians spend more time indoors now than any other point in history— 90% of each day.
90%
We spend 69% of our waking time sitting.
69%
In Canada, the rate of chronic disease is rising by an alarming 14% per year. Our lifestyle choices are driving this epidemic—inactivity and poor eating choices lead to obesity, the major cause of chronic disease. This comes with a big price tag. Treatment of chronic disease consumes 67% of all direct health care costs. The cost to the Canadian economy is $190 billion annually; $68 billion is from treatment and the rest is the cost of lost productivity and absenteeism.
BUT IT’S NOT JUST OUR PHYSICAL HEALTH THAT’S IMPACTED. OUR BRAINS NEED TIME IN NATURE TOO.
In Canada, anxiety and mood disorders are on the rise; 12% of adult Canadians have a diagnosed anxiety or mood disorder. Young people are not immune; rates are also rising among children and youth. Along with mental health challenges come stigma, social isolation and lost productivity. Disconnection from nature may be one of the causes. Evidence is emerging that green space can be both preventative and restor-ative for mood disorders, and as humans we need exposure to green space for optimal cognitive function.
CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
CHILDREN ARE OUR FUTURE. CLICHÉ… BUT CURRENT HEALTH TRENDS MEAN THAT TODAY’S CHILDREN MAY NOT LIVE AS LONG AS US.
Only 9% of Canadian kids aged 5 to 17 get the 60 minutes of heart-pumping activity they need each day. Seventy-six percent (76%) are getting more daily screen time than what is recommended. Childhood obesity is setting the stage for future chronic disease. The current generation of kids may be the first generation in recent memory to have a shorter expected lifespan than their parents.
Play, and play outside in nature in particular, have been identified as a key solutions to this health challenge. In Canada, a diverse group of partners and researchers have examined the evidence and developed a position statement on outdoor play. “Access to active play in nature and outdoors—with its risks—is essential for healthy child development.”
Many experts agree that humans are designed to be in nature. Over 99% of human history was spent living closely with other animals and plants, and we have a desire to seek connections with the natural world. The well-being we feel in nature has been hard-wired into our genes through evolution. This concept is known as biophilia.
Given the long history that humans have been immersed in nature and the relatively short time that we have removed ourselves from nature, is it no wonder that we are suffering health problems? We are working against our basic design when we spend too much time inside.
COULD ONTARIO PARKS BE PART OF THE SOLUTION TO THE HEALTH CRISIS FACING SOCIETY?
Even ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates recognized the healing power of nature; vis medicatrix naturae. In Japan, Shinrin Yoku (forest bathing), although a relatively new term, respects the traditional understanding of the therapeutic value of nature. Within the Americas, including Ontario, many indigenous cultures have long understood the healing value of nature.
The large and growing evidence from science is telling us what we have long understood… nature is not only good for our health and well-being; it’s essential. This evidence comes from many different fields of study including psychology, ecology, public health and disease management. The evidence links time spent in nature to a wide variety of health benefits, including physical, mental, spiritual, and social.
ALEXANDER WANAKAMEG
(WHITESAND FIRST NATION)
We as Indigenous people view nature as a balance of life. Many in today’s modern society view nature as a place to relax and find them-selves, as well as a way to maintain their own identity and means of life. So we all have that connection with nature. Being in solitude in nature really opens your mind and puts you in a relaxed state; enjoying the landscape, watching wildlife and looking at the stars at night. We all have a spiritual connection with the land. This connection is not so much one of ownership but one of stewardship. If that connection is lost, then the spiritual well-being of all people will be at stake. So we all need to keep that connection with nature, it gives us a positive feeling, not just towards ourselves but towards each other and to what really surrounds us, which is nature itself.
Psychological
Positive effect on mental health
Cognitive
Positive effect on cognitive ability
Physiological
Positive effect on physical health
Social/Spiritual
Positive effect on social and spiritual well-being
Increased Resiliency
Personal and community ability to withstand impacts and remain healthy
Urban
Increasing Health Benefits
Increasing Nature Dose
Any time spent in nature provides health benefits. But as you move along the nature continuum from built environments to more natural environments, not only does the quality of nature increase but so do the corresponding health benefits.
NATURE DOSE = TIME IN NATURE AND QUALITY OF NATURE.
The more time you spend in the natural environment, the bigger the nature dose and the larger the health benefits. Likewise, the better the quality of the nature experience, the larger the health bene-fits. The houseplant on the side of your desk gives you a mini dose of nature, the park at the end of the street gives you a medium dose and a provincial park gives you a larger dose.
Healthy Parks Healthy People is a world-wide movement that recognizes the fundamental link between human health and healthy ecosystems.
Healthy Parks Healthy People was launched by Parks Victoria (Australia) in 2000 to encourage the connections between a healthy environment and healthy society. Backed by a growing body of evidence, HPHP has expanded and is receiving global attention. In 2010, Parks Victoria hosted the first International Healthy Parks Healthy People Congress, which brought together over 1,200 delegates from 37 nations to explore the many ways nature and parks significantly contribute to human health and well-being. Many parks organizations across the globe are now part of the HPHP movement including the U.S. National Parks Service, South Africa National Parks, Metsähallitus Natural Heritage Services, Finland, and the Department of Conservation New Zealand to name a few.
Ontario Parks joined the movement in 2013 and launched its first initiatives in 2015; this included engaging partners, a promotional campaign, special events for park visitors and encouraging new research.
CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
There are many types of green space in Ontario ranging from backyards, to urban parks, to provincial and national parks. All of these places offer green health benefits. But Ontario Parks sits in a unique position to lead the charge to connect nature with health and well-being for Ontarians.
From the very beginning, health had a role in the mandate of provincial parks. Algonquin, created in 1893, was established in part “To serve as a sanitarium or place of health resort.”
10 reasons why Ontario Parks can make the connection between nature and health & well-being
1 - HIGH NATURE DOSE – Ontario Parks offers one of the highest doses of nature in the province. With over 330 provincial parks protected to preserve ecological integrity, Ontario Parks provides a high quality natural experience.
2 - PROTECTED FOREVER – Provincial parks protect almost 8% of the area of Ontario… in perpetuity. That’s bigger than New Bruns-wick and Prince Edward Island combined! This means that the trees that clean the air we breathe and the wetlands that clean the water we drink are sustained to support our health and the health of ecosystems.
3 - MEMORABLE OUTDOOR EXPERIENCES – Over 110 parks across Ontario offer facilities for visitors. This includes almost 20,000 campsites, 8,000+ kilometres of hiking trails, beaches, picnic areas, canoe routes, and ski trails just to name a few. Ontario Parks offers a diversity of experiences for every interest and ability. Each year Ontario Parks receives over 10 million visits.
4 - NEARBY – Ontario Parks are located across the province. Most Ontarians live within 50 km of a provincial park. The healthful benefits of provincial parks are easily accessible.
5 - WORLD-CLASS EDUCATION PROGRAMS – Each year, Ontario Parks delivers 10,000 education programs to over 2 million participants. We have a proven track record of reaching out to young people and other park visitors and delivering powerful messages. We are also introduc-ing new people to the joys of camping through our Learn to Camp program.
6 - RELATIONSHIPS – Ontario Parks has a track record of building partnerships with Indigenous communi-ties, volunteer organizations, local communities, non-governmental organizations, universities etc. Our connections are one of our strengths.
7 - KNOWN HEALTH BENEFITS – Ontario Parks’ visitors have already told us about the restorative powers of time spent at a park. Ninety-four percent (94%) of park visitors believe that one of the important reasons to have provincial parks is to provide stress relief and relaxation from everyday modern life. Seventy-three percent (73%) of recent visitors felt that their mental well-being was improved by their park visit.
8 - PARKS SYSTEMS ARE LEADING THE HEALTH CHARGE WORLD-WIDE – In the United States, Australia and Finland and at the World Conservation Union (IUCN), parks systems are answering the call to become one of the solutions to the health crisis.
9 - WE’RE AN INFLUENCER – Ontario Parks leads the pack on getting messages out to Ontarians. And we are a trusted authority when speaking on parks and nature. We reach people in person at our parks and through our extensive outreach channels. We can get a message out.
10 - LAST BUT NOT LEAST, ONTARIO PARKS IS ALREADY DOING IT! Ontario Parks has been offering events and promotions for visitors to support Healthy Parks Healthy People since 2015. This includes free day use on the third Friday in July and a 30x30 Challenge during August. Ontario Parks is also having conversations with other leaders in the field.
SNAPSHOT ONTARIO PARKS
In 1893 Algonquin, Ontario’s first provincial park, is created
more than 340 provincial parks
8.28 MILLION hectares; almost 8% of the province of Ontario
Provincial parks within 50KM of every Ontario community over 50,000 people
Over 110 PARKS with visitor facilities
10 MILLION visits annually
Approximately 20,000 car accessible campsites
Over 7,000 backcountry/wilderness campsites
PROVINCIAL PARKS AND CONSERVATION RESERVES ACT, 2006
Ontario’s provincial parks and conservation reserves are dedicated to the people of Ontario and visitors for their inspiration, education, health, recreational enjoyment and other benefits with the intention that these areas shall be managed to maintain their ecological integrity and to leave them unimpaired for future generations.
OBJECTIVES
PROTECTION: To permanently protect the best examples of Ontario’s ecosystems; to protect biodiversity and provincially significant elements of Ontario’s natural and cultural heritage; and to manage these areas to ensure that ecological integrity is maintained.
OUTDOOR RECREATION: To provide opportunities for ecologically-sustainable outdoor recreation and encourage associated economic benefit.
EDUCATION: To help increase knowledge and appreciation of Ontario’s natural and cultural heritage.
SCIENCE: To enable scientific research and support the monitoring of ecological change on the broader landscape.
This is just the start of a wider conversation on Healthy Parks Healthy People. The next goals for Ontario Parks are to BUILD...
1 - Partnerships with the health and conservation sectors to ensure that the benefits of health and nature are recognized, including providing funding for programs that directly support health in parks.
2 - Programs that directly bring the health benefits of parks to the greatest number of Ontarians.
3 - Knowledge and evidence by supporting continued research to investigate the linkages between nature and human health.
4 - Awareness and Inspiration so that all Ontarians understand the critical role that nature plays in health and well-being and are moved to take action personally and as a society.
The foundation of this document is a research review conducted by Ontario Parks; Healthy Parks Healthy People: A discussion paper.
The following additional references were used to develop this document:
Africa, J., Logan, A., Mitchell, R., Korpela, K., Allen, D., Tyrväinen, L., Nisbet, E., Li, Q., Tsunetsugu, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Spengler, J.; on behalf of the NEI Working Group. Center for Health and the Global Environment at the Harvard School of Public Health (2014). The Natural Environments Initiative: Illustrative Review and Workshop Statement.
Conference Board of Canada (2017). Demography is Destiny. Health Spending Prospects for Ontario.
Canadian Institute for Health Information (2016). National Health Expenditure Trends, 1975 to 2016. Ottawa, ON: CIHI.
Conference Board of Canada (2015). Moving Ahead. Taking Steps to Reduce Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behaviour.
Ipsos Public Affairs for Ontario Parks (2016). Car Camping Final Report.
Mental Health Commission of Canada (2015). Informing the Future: Mental Health Indicators for Canada.
Parks Canada (2014). Connecting Canadians with Nature—An Investment in the Well- Being of our Citizens. Ottawa, ON: Parks Canada. 36 pp.
ParticipACTION (2015). The Biggest Risk is Keeping Kids Indoors. The PacticipACTION Report Card on Phyisical Activity for Children and Youth.
Public Health Agency of Canada (2016). How Healthy are Canadians? A trend analysis of the health of Canadians from a health living and chronic disease perspective.
Public Health Ontario (2013). Addressing Obesity in Children and Youth: Evidence to Guide Action for Ontario.
Sandifer, P.A., Sutton-Grier, A.E., and Ward, B.P. (2015). Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation. Ecosystem Services 12 (2015).
Townsend, M, Henderson-Wilson, C, Warner, E, and Weiss, L (2015). Healthy Parks, Healthy People: The state of the evidence 2015. Prepared for Parks Victoria by authors in the School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University.
Tremblay et al., (2015). Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 6475-6505.
WHO, 1946. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19–22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, No.2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. World Health Organization.
WHO and SCB (2015). Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health: A State of Knowledge Review. Published by the World Health Organization and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Want to read further about the connection between health and nature? This is small sample of the many resources you may be interested in.
Connecting Canadians to Nature, Canadian Parks Council, 2014.
A Guide to Healthy Parks Healthy People, Parks Victoria, 2017.
Last Child in the Woods; Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder, Richard Louv, 2005.
The Nature Fix; Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative, Florence Williams, 2017.
The Nature Playbook, Canadian Parks Council, 2016.
The Nature Principle: Human Restoration and the End of Nature-Deficit Disorder, Richard Louv, 2011.
Your Brain on Nature, Eva M. Selhub MD and Alan C. Logan ND, 2012.